风云使者
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快讯!三位美国科学家获2017年诺贝尔医学奖
2017年诺贝尔奖从10月2日起陆续揭晓,生理学或医学奖得主在北京时间今天下午17点30分最先公布。据诺贝尔奖官方网站2日消息,瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布,2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主为美国科学家杰弗里C ·霍尔 (Jeffrey C. Hall)、迈克尔·罗斯巴什(Michael Rosbash)和迈克尔W·扬(Michael W. Young),获奖理由为“奖励他们在有关生物钟分子机制方面的发现“。 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young. Ill. Niklas Elmehed. © Nobel Media 2017. 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖是根据已故的瑞典化学家诺贝尔的遗嘱而设立的,目的在于表彰在生理学或医学界做出卓越贡献者。
2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine https://www.nobelprize.org/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm". Press release in English Press release in Swedish Advanced information (pdf) Announcement of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Watch Professor Thomas Perlmann, Secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, announce the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young. Press Release 2017-10-02 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
Summary Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of our planet. For many years we have known that living organisms, including humans, have an internal, biological clock that helps them anticipate and adapt to the regular rhythm of the day. But how does this clock actually work? Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings. Their discoveries explain how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized with the Earth's revolutions. Figure 1. An internal biological clock. The leaves of the mimosa plant open towards the sun during day but close at dusk (upper part). Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan placed the plant in constant darkness (lower part) and found that the leaves continue to follow their normal daily rhythm, even without any fluctuations in daily light. Figure 2A. A simplified illustration of the feedback regulation of the periodgene. The figure shows the sequence of events during a 24h oscillation. When the period gene is active, period mRNA is made. The mRNA is transported to the cell's cytoplasm and serves as template for the production of PER protein. The PER protein accumulates in the cell's nucleus, where the period gene activity is blocked. This gives rise to the inhibitory feedback mechanism that underlies a circadian rhythm. 发稿时间:2017-10-02 18:23:00 来源: 环球网 作者:任梅子 中国青年网 快讯!三位美国科学家获2017年诺贝尔医学奖 http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2017-10/11304921.html https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html |
风云使者
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沙发#
发布于:2017-10-02 19:30
Using fruit flies as a model organism, this year's Nobel laureates isolated a gene that controls the normal daily biological rhythm. They showed that this gene encodes a protein that accumulates in the cell during the night, and is then degraded during the day. Subsequently, they identified additional protein components of this machinery, exposing the mechanism governing the self-sustaining clockwork inside the cell. We now recognize that biological clocks function by the same principles in cells of other multicellular organisms, including humans.
With exquisite precision, our inner clock adapts our physiology to the dramatically different phases of the day. The clock regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism. Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience "jet lag". There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner timekeeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases. Our inner clock Most living organisms anticipate and adapt to daily changes in the environment. During the 18th century, the astronomer Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan studied mimosa plants, and found that the leaves opened towards the sun during daytime and closed at dusk. He wondered what would happen if the plant was placed in constant darkness. He found that independent of daily sunlight the leaves continued to follow their normal daily oscillation (Figure 1). Plants seemed to have their own biological clock. Other researchers found that not only plants, but also animals and humans, have a biological clock that helps to prepare our physiology for the fluctuations of the day. This regular adaptation is referred to as the circadian rhythm, originating from the Latin words circa meaning "around" and dies meaning "day". But just how our internal circadian biological clock worked remained a mystery. Identification of a clock gene During the 1970's, Seymour Benzer and his student Ronald Konopka asked whether it would be possible to identify genes that control the circadian rhythm in fruit flies. They demonstrated that mutations in an unknown gene disrupted the circadian clock of flies. They named this gene period. But how could this gene influence the circadian rhythm? This year's Nobel Laureates, who were also studying fruit flies, aimed to discover how the clock actually works. In 1984, Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash, working in close collaboration at Brandeis University in Boston, and Michael Young at the Rockefeller University in New York, succeeded in isolating the period gene. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash then went on to discover that PER, the protein encoded by period, accumulated during the night and was degraded during the day. Thus, PER protein levels oscillate over a 24-hour cycle, in synchrony with the circadian rhythm. A self-regulating clockwork mechanism The next key goal was to understand how such circadian oscillations could be generated and sustained. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash hypothesized that the PER protein blocked the activity of the period gene. They reasoned that by an inhibitory feedback loop, PER protein could prevent its own synthesis and thereby regulate its own level in a continuous, cyclic rhythm (Figure 2A). The model was tantalizing, but a few pieces of the puzzle were missing. To block the activity of the period gene, PER protein, which is produced in the cytoplasm, would have to reach the cell nucleus, where the genetic material is located. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash had shown that PER protein builds up in the nucleus during night, but how did it get there? In 1994 Michael Young discovered a second clock gene, timeless, encoding the TIM protein that was required for a normal circadian rhythm. In elegant work, he showed that when TIM bound to PER, the two proteins were able to enter the cell nucleus where they blocked period gene activity to close the inhibitory feedback loop (Figure 2B). |
风云使者
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板凳#
发布于:2017-10-02 19:43
你的每个器官里都有生物钟!3位美国科学家获诺贝尔奖
科普中国 2017-10-02 除了大脑之外,在肝脏、胰腺和其他组织中亦有生物钟存在,负责协调身体的多个部位。一旦“时钟”出现紊乱,将会导致糖尿病、抑郁和其他疾病。 不管是谁,只要曾以500节(约272m/s)速度向东或向西飞上几小时,就会亲身经历体内生物钟与身体感知时间不符的感觉。调整时差有时需要一个星期——取决于大脑深部的主生物钟是否需要根据外部天黑的时间,协调身体或大脑想要睡觉的时间。然而,在过去几年中,科学家相当惊讶地发现,身体除了需要大脑中的主生物钟外,还需要存在于肝脏、胰脏等器官和脂肪组织中的局部生物钟。如果任何一个外周生物钟和主生物钟不同步,就有可能导致肥胖、糖尿病、抑郁症和其他复杂疾病。 我们(本文作者基思·C·苏马与弗雷德·W·图雷克)一直致力于研究这些外周生物钟的运行细节,以及到底有哪些基因在调控其活性。1984年,科学家在果蝇中分离并克隆到了第一个生物钟基因。1997年,图雷克所在的研究小组发现了另一个(同时也是第一个哺乳动物的)生物钟基因。根据目前的汇总,全世界的研究者已经发现了数十个与生物钟有关的基因,有趣的是,其中有不少基因的命名都用了“Clock”(意为生物钟)、“Per”(Period的简写,意为周期)和“Tim”(timeless的简写,意为不受时间影响)等字眼。 我们实验室主要以小鼠为研究对象。不过,从细菌到果蝇,再到人类,科学家已在大量物种中发现了生物钟基因。其中不少基因在很多物种中非常类似,这意味着生物钟基因在进化历程中,对物种生存起到了至关重要的作用。 如今,研究者已经阐明了生物钟在代谢失调过程中扮演的角色。这是生物钟领域迄今为止最重大的进展。所谓代谢,是指机体将食物转化为能量加以利用,或是转变为脂肪储存起来以备后用的一系列过程(在这一领域,人们有过很多惊人的发现,比如就对体重的影响而言,何时用餐与摄入何种食物可能同等重要)。当然,单用昼夜节律理论并不能对复杂疾病的所有方面都加以解释,不过如果我们忽视了多个身体内的生物钟,就会处于危险之中。关于生物钟的知识在快速积累,这将改变未来诊断和治疗疾病的方式,同时也会让人们更好地维系自己的健康。 大脑中的主生物钟 无论是复杂生物还是简单生物,所有地球上的生命都受昼夜节律的控制,以适应24小时的昼夜周期。甚至最早出现在地球上的生命蓝藻(单细胞的蓝绿色藻类,广泛分布于不同的栖息地中)也有生物钟存在的迹象。蓝藻通过光合作用从阳光中获取能量,并利用二氧化碳和水生产有机分子和氧气。 在内部生物钟的作用下,蓝藻在日出之前即可提前动员光合系统。这一特性令其能在日光一出现的时候就可以摄取能量,比那些纯粹依靠光线启动光合系统的生物先走一步。与之类似,日落之后,蓝藻的光合系统亦会遵循生物钟的指令而关闭。这避免了夜间无用的能量等资源被无谓浪费。节约下来的能量和资源可转而用于更适合在夜间进行的工作,比如DNA的复制和修复,DNA可能在白天因阳光中的电离辐射而受损。 有些菌株的生物钟基因发生了突变,这些细菌的节律周期(又叫周期长度)因此由常见的24小时变成了20或22个小时,甚至30小时。1998年,美国范德比尔特大学的卡尔·约翰逊(Carl Johnson)和同事发现,在自然条件下,符合环境光周期的蓝藻比周期异常的同类更有优势。比如在24小时的昼夜周期中,正常的蓝藻较22小时周期的同类生长得更快,分裂也更成功。不过当研究人员将昼夜周期人工调节至22小时后,情况就完全颠倒过来,突变组蓝藻变得更具优势。这些实验第一次清楚地显示,内部的代谢节律与环境周期相匹配会增强物种的适应性。 尽管调控人类生物钟的基因与蓝藻并不相同,但我们的昼夜节律与这些蓝藻却有很多相似之处。这表明二者的生物钟是为了满足同样的生理需求与功能,各自独立进化而来的。 外周生物钟 起初,研究者假设,机体内只有一个生物钟扮演着节拍器的角色,可以调节无数生理过程。在1970年代,科学家找到了这个假想中的生物钟,发现它位于大脑的视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus),即视神经交叉点的上方。然而大约15年前,研究者在其他器官、组织和单个细胞中,发现了次要生物钟调控的迹象。研究人员开始发现,有证据表明,活跃在大脑中的生物钟基因在肝脏、肾脏、胰腺、心脏等组织的细胞中也会周期性地表达和关闭。我们现在知道,这些细胞生物钟在多个组织中调控着3%~10%的基因的活性——某些时候,这一比例可能达到50%。 几乎与此同时,许多科学家开始研究昼夜节律与衰老的关系。图雷克曾要求埃米·伊斯顿(Amy Easton,当时是美国西北大学的研究生)在生物钟基因发生突变的小鼠身上进行一系列实验。在检测老龄小鼠的日常奔跑行为时,伊斯顿发现生物钟基因发生突变的小鼠更易发胖,爬上笼子中的转轮也更加困难。这一发现提醒我们将一些研究的重点放在代谢与昼夜节律上。经过一系列实验,我们的研究结果最终发表在2005年的《科学》杂志上。这项研究表明,生物钟基因的突变与肥胖及代谢综合征(代谢综合征指一系列生理异常,会增加携带者的心脏病和糖尿病风险)的发生有关。一个人出现以下症状中的三种,即可诊断为代谢综合征:大量脂肪堆积在腹部,而非臀部;血液中甘油三酯的水平高;血液中的高密度脂蛋白(亦称好胆固醇)含量很低;血压较高;血糖水平较高(说明机体的血糖控制出现了问题)。 这项研究让科学家更加关注昼夜节律对代谢的影响。之前对倒班工人(他们的生物钟与正常昼夜节律长期不吻合)的研究表明,他们患上代谢、心血管及胃肠道疾病的风险比一般人高。不过,这些倒班工人普遍存在一些不健康的习惯,比如睡眠不足、饮食不良及缺乏锻炼等。因此,二者到底何为因,何为果,令人难以分辨。在基因突变小鼠中进行的研究为我们提供了生物钟与代谢健康的遗传学证据,这有助于推动昼夜节律研究进入到更加精确的分子层面,继而得到更确定的结论。 生物钟与代谢 在研究者认识到昼夜节律有助于调节代谢之后,他们很快开始研究位于肝脏的外周生物钟。肝脏在代谢调节中扮演了关键角色。2008年,哈佛大学医学院的卡特娅·拉米亚(Katja Lamia)、凯-弗洛里安·斯托奇(Kai-Florian Storch)及查尔斯·韦茨(Charles Weitz)用小鼠开展了研究。在这些小鼠(与人类不同,小鼠昼伏夜出,但其醒睡周期仍然受生物钟调控)的肝脏细胞中,一个非常关键的生物钟基因被敲除了,本质上,这些小鼠的肝脏生物钟已不复存在,但机体其他部位的生物钟依旧正常。研究者发现,小鼠在白天睡眠时(这期间小鼠也不怎么吃东西),会经历更长的低血糖期。低血糖相当危险,因为如果大脑没有足够的葡萄糖满足能量供应的话,会在几分钟内停止运转。 进一步实验表明,低血糖的发生是由于肝脏在生产并向血液分泌葡萄糖时,发挥调控功能的生物钟缺位所致。所以,肝脏生物钟在维持正常血糖方面发挥了重要作用,可以让肝脏稳定持续地为大脑和机体其他器官提供充足的能量。 当然,机体也需要相反的调控系统,在进食后限制过多的血糖。在这一系统中,胰岛素是最主要的激素,这种物质由胰腺处的胰岛β细胞产生。当人用餐后,葡萄糖进入血液,引起胰岛素的分泌。胰岛素就如同控制血糖的“刹车”一样,可以促使多余的葡萄糖从血液中转出,并储存在肌肉、肝脏和其他组织中。 西北大学的比利·马奇瓦(Billie Marcheva)与约瑟夫·T· 巴斯(Joseph T. Bass,和图雷克一样是西北大学节律与代谢研究组的最早期成员)展开了一系列后续研究,希望探明胰腺生物钟发挥的作用。他们发现,胰腺生物钟对维持正常血糖水平至关重要,破坏这一生物钟会严重损害胰腺功能,并导致糖尿病。糖尿病也可以视作代谢失调的一种,得了糖尿病,意味着机体几乎无法正常分泌胰岛素,亦或对其不再敏感,以至于太多的葡萄糖停留在细胞外,导致血糖水平超标。 一开始,马奇瓦与巴斯从生物钟基因发生突变的小鼠身上取出胰腺组织,发现即使有葡萄糖的刺激,胰腺分泌出的胰岛素也会大幅减少。接下来,他们制备了一种只有胰腺中的生物钟基因被敲除的小鼠。这种小鼠在很年轻的时候就患上了糖尿病,而且胰岛素分泌量也大幅度下降。 这些例子展示了不同组织中生物钟功能的一个关键之处:它们扮演的角色可能迥然不同。例如,肝脏和胰腺中的生物钟甚至调控着完全相反的生理过程。然而,当这些组织中的生物钟被整合为一个功能性系统之后,它们又可以精确同步,以维持机体的稳态。这使得机体在面对外部多种环境时,内部的重要分子能够保持相对稳定的水平。进一步说,大脑中的主生物钟就如同管弦乐队的总指挥。在它的作用下,众多外周生物钟就像乐手,彼此之间琴瑟和鸣,之于环境亦应对有序,最终使得整个系统完美运行。 |
风云使者
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地板#
发布于:2017-10-02 19:44
生物钟的多种功能
研究者的另一个重要发现是,一些组织中的生物钟可以对多个生理过程施加影响。的确,每个生物钟都能调控多个生理过程。例如,肝脏生物钟负责调控葡萄糖产生与代谢的整个基因网络。此外,在2011年,宾夕法尼亚大学的研究者米奇·拉萨尔(Mitch Lazar)和同事发现,肝脏生物钟还决定着脂肪在肝脏细胞中的蓄积数量。 在这项研究中,拉萨尔与合作者选择了一个名为Rev-erbα的生物钟基因作为研究对象。该基因就像是组蛋白去乙酰化酶3(HDAC3)的触发器,这种酶可以使DNA链缠绕得更加紧致,让细胞无法读取其中的遗传信息,因而无法启动相应的生物学过程。 拉萨尔的研究团队利用遗传学技术,通过阻断Rev-erbα生物钟基因,实现了抑制HDAC3活性的目的,并最终诱发小鼠患上肝性脂肪变性(也就是脂肪肝)。原因是HDAC3的一个功能是关闭控制夜间脂肪合成的基因(小鼠在活动状态下,需要利用储备脂肪供能)。生物钟基因的缺失会导致HDAC3酶分子数量减少,继而肝脏中的脂肪合成基因一直处于开启状态。后者的过度活跃会导致脂肪在肝脏细胞中的异常积累和沉积,这会破坏肝脏的功能,而且常常会导致肥胖和糖尿病。 生物钟基因对脂肪组织中的多个代谢过程亦可施加影响。其实,脂肪组织不仅仅是储能仓库,它还可以分泌瘦素至血液中,并影响机体其他器官的活动,因此也可被认为是内分泌器官。曾在宾夕法尼亚大学工作的乔治斯·帕萨克斯(Georgios Paschos)、加勒特·菲茨杰拉德(Garret FitzGerald)和同事最近构建了一种基因工程小鼠,小鼠脂肪细胞中的生物钟基因被完全敲除。他们发现,这种小鼠患上了肥胖症,而且进食模式也发生改变,由夜间进食改为日间进食。因此,脂肪分子在“错误”的时间里在体内循环,破坏了大脑调控节律和进食习惯的能力。研究者发现,饮食行为的变化似乎特异地出现在脂肪细胞生物钟基因缺失的小鼠中,因为缺失肝脏和胰腺生物钟的小鼠依旧保留有正常的饮食节律。 脂肪细胞生物钟缺失的小鼠进食习惯发生改变,并导致体重增加,这一现象与此前的研究相符。之前的研究表明,进食时间对机体存储和利用能量的效率有很大影响。事实上,在2009年,我们小组的一位研究生迪安娜·阿布勒(Deanna Arble)就发现,在两组小鼠的总体热量摄入及活动量基本相同的情况下,在错误的时间(白天)进食高脂食物的小鼠,明显要比在夜间进食的小鼠重一些。 最近,美国索尔克研究所(Salk Institute for Biological Studies)的科学家萨齐达南达·潘达(Satchidananda Panda)及同事在上述发现的基础上又前进了一步。他们在夜间(即小鼠的正常进食时间)划定了一个8小时的时间窗,仅在这期间提供高脂饮食。研究发现,这样的进食安排可以在不降低摄入热量的情况下,预防肥胖和代谢失调,除此之外,这些小鼠的代谢健康状况与低脂饮食组几乎没什么两样。这一益处可能是肝脏和其他组织的代谢节律更加协调的结果。 有趣的是,在小鼠身上进行的这些实验与患有夜间进食综合征的病人也有几分关联。患上这种病症的人会在夜间摄入过多热量,以至于患上肥胖和/或代谢综合征。或许,这一疾病部分是因为机体在调控饥饿的节律方面存在缺陷。这种不协调使得患者更易增重,其代谢过程亦会出现紊乱。 最近,西班牙穆尔西亚大学的玛尔塔·加尔莱(Marta Garaule)与哈佛大学的弗兰克·舍尔(Frank Scheer)领导的一项针对节食者的研究表明,午餐时间与减肥能否成功存在关联。他们发现,在节食减肥时,较早吃午饭的人更容易降低体重。为了验证进食时间对肥胖、糖尿病及相关疾病的影响,应当进行更多的临床研究方才有说服力,不过这些发现提出了一种可能性:调整进食时间,在未来或许能成为一种全新的、无须服药的、对标准疗法有助益的补充治疗手段。 节律医学 其他一些以人类为对象的研究表明,对人的昼夜节律进行更细致的研究,能让我们更加深入地理解代谢失调,催生更好的治疗方法。例如,慕尼黑大学的蒂尔·罗恩内伯格(Till Roenneberg)及其同事对世界范围内数千人的睡眠状况进行了研究,描述了一种常见的慢性节律紊乱,并将其命名为“社交时差”(social jet lag)。这一时差是指人们在工作日(或上学)和周末的睡眠周期之间的时差。通过测量社交时差,可为评估生物钟的周期性紊乱提供一种定量方法。如果在工作日,一个人是早晨6点起床,在休息日会拖到9~10点才爬起来,那么这就相当于他每周两次穿越3~4个时区。研究者还发现,社交时差的长短与体重指数(BMI)存在正相关关系,亦即昼夜节律紊乱会助推体重增加。 除了深入挖掘生物钟基因与代谢失调之间的关系,研究者最近还在探索昼夜节律与其他疾病的关系上取得了令人兴奋的成果。科学家已发现,昼夜节律紊乱与心脏病、胃病、多种癌症、神经疾病、神经退行性病变以及精神疾病存在关联。另外,多项小规模研究表明,在某些时候,在已有抑郁倾向的人群中,睡眠周期的紊乱很有可能是严重抑郁的病因而非仅是症状。与此类似的是,研究者过去5年在小鼠和仓鼠身上进行的实验显示,一些类似长期时差紊乱的病症会削弱动物的学习和记忆能力,并破坏大脑特定区域的神经结构。 如果我们对机体生物钟的角色有了更深的理解,有可能让医学发生一场彻底的革命。如果把如何让生物钟发挥最佳功能(比如在24小时的节律中,什么时候开始或结束合成葡萄糖效果最好)的相关知识纳入医学领域,我们就能拓展出一个新领域,我们称之为节律医学(circadian medicine)。我们相信,如果能将昼夜节律和醒睡周期的相关信息与对疾病的诊断和治疗更有效地整合在一起,那么医生将能更好地改善健康、预防疾病,将患者所需的疗法疗效最大化。 撰文 基思 · C · 苏马(Keith C. Summa) 弗雷德 · W · 图雷克(Fred W. Turek) 翻译 冯志华 文章来自“科普中国” 由企鹅科学和科普中国联合推出转载请注明 https://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20171002A04JXH00 |
风云使者
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4楼#
发布于:2017-10-02 19:46
Such a regulatory feedback mechanism explained how this oscillation of cellular protein levels emerged, but questions lingered. What controlled the frequency of the oscillations? Michael Young identified yet another gene, doubletime, encoding the DBT protein that delayed the accumulation of the PER protein. This provided insight into how an oscillation is adjusted to more closely match a 24-hour cycle.
The paradigm-shifting discoveries by the laureates established key mechanistic principles for the biological clock. During the following years other molecular components of the clockwork mechanism were elucidated, explaining its stability and function. For example, this year's laureates identified additional proteins required for the activation of the period gene, as well as for the mechanism by which light can synchronize the clock. Keeping time on our human physiology The biological clock is involved in many aspects of our complex physiology. We now know that all multicellular organisms, including humans, utilize a similar mechanism to control circadian rhythms. A large proportion of our genes are regulated by the biological clock and, consequently, a carefully calibrated circadian rhythm adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day (Figure 3). Since the seminal discoveries by the three laureates, circadian biology has developed into a vast and highly dynamic research field, with implications for our health and wellbeing. Key publications Zehring, W.A., Wheeler, D.A., Reddy, P., Konopka, R.J., Kyriacou, C.P., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C. (1984). P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 39, 369–376. Bargiello, T.A., Jackson, F.R., and Young, M.W. (1984). Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila. Nature 312, 752–754. Siwicki, K.K., Eastman, C., Petersen, G., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C. (1988). Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron 1, 141–150. Hardin, P.E., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1990). Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. Nature343, 536–540. Liu, X., Zwiebel, L.J., Hinton, D., Benzer, S., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1992). The period gene encodes a predominantly nuclear protein in adult Drosophila. J Neurosci 12, 2735–2744. Vosshall, L.B., Price, J.L., Sehgal, A., Saez, L., and Young, M.W. (1994). Block in nuclear localization of period protein by a second clock mutation, timeless. Science 263, 1606–1609. Price, J.L., Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Abodeely, M., Kloss, B., and Young, M.W. (1998). double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell 94, 83–95. 1.杰弗瑞·霍尔1945年出生于美国纽约,现供职于美国缅因大学。 Jeffrey C. Hall was born 1945 in New York, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1971 at the University of Washington in Seattle and was a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1971 to 1973. He joined the faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham in 1974. In 2002, he became associated with University of Maine. 2.迈克尔·罗斯巴什1944年出生于美国堪萨斯城,现供职于美国布兰迪斯大学。 Michael Rosbash was born in 1944 in Kansas City, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1970 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. During the following three years, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Since 1974, he has been on faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham, USA. 3.迈克尔·杨1949年出生于美国迈阿密,现供职于美国洛克菲勒大学。 Michael W. Young was born in 1949 in Miami, USA. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Texas in Austin in 1975. Between 1975 and 1977, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in Palo Alto. From 1978, he has been on faculty at the Rockefeller University in New York. The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind. Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation |
风云使者
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5楼#
发布于:2017-10-02 19:51
Figure 2B. A simplified illustration of the molecular components of the circadian clock. Figure 3. The circadian clock anticipates and adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day. Our biological clock helps to regulate sleep patterns, feeding behavior, hormone release, blood pressure, and body temperature. 2017诺贝尔生理或医学奖获得者 除了大脑之外,在肝脏、胰腺和其他组织中亦有生物钟存在,负责协调身体的多个部位。一旦“时钟”出现紊乱,将会导致糖尿病、抑郁和其他疾病。 |
风云使者
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6楼#
发布于:2017-10-02 20:06
the Nobel Prize: Medicine Who Can Nominate for a Nobel Prize? Each year, thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists, previous Nobel Laureates and members of parliamentary assemblies and others, are asked to submit candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and universities as possible are represented over time. Read more about how the Nobel Laureates are nominated: Nomination of the Physics Laureates Nomination of the Chemistry Laureates Nomination of the Medicine Laureates Nomination of the Literature Laureates Nomination of the Peace Prize Laureates Nomination of the Laureates in Economic Sciences |